![]() A MusicXML direction-type can contain many different elements, including, ,, ,, ,, ,, , and (for 8va and related marks). If two directions go together, they can be linked by having multiple elements within a single element. The element measures horizontal distance in terms of divisions, just like the element. The default-y element is measured from the top barline of the staff. For these elements, the default-x attribute is measured from the start of the current measure (for other elements, it is measured from the left-hand side of the note or the musical position within the bar). The default-x and default-y attributes provide more precise positioning, and use units of tenths of interline space. The placement attribute is used to indicate whether the directions go above or below the staff. This indicates that the "dolce" mark starts a little more than one space before the first note in a 9 point italic font, while the crescendo wedge starts two-thirds of the way between the first and second notes in the measure. The beginning of the voice part in measure 2, for instance, looks like this: Musical directions are used for the expression marks in a musical score that are not clearly tied to a particular note. Without the symbol attribute, these time signatures would appear as 4/4 and 2/2, respectively. To represent common and cut time signatures, use the symbol attribute of the element. Mid-measure clef changes are the main use for this feature. While attributes usually appear at the start of a measure, they can appear anywhere within the measure. The clef for this part would be represented as: For example, the tenor line in choral music is usually written in treble clef, an octave higher than the notes actually sound. This is used for clefs that are written either an octave higher or lower than sounding pitch. ![]() ![]() The element may also contain a element after the element. The number attribute indicates the staff number if the part has more than one staff. The treble clef definition indicates that the second line from the bottom of the staff is a G the bass clef definition indicates that the fourth line from the bottom of the staff is an F. By specifying the clef's and its, MusicXML handles both the common treble and bass clefs along with tenor, alto, percussion, tab, and older clefs. The clef element is used to indicate the clef for the staff. If it is not present, as is the case in the voice part, there is 1 staff for the part. The element indicates the number of staves in a musical part, which in this case is 2 staves for the piano part. We will discuss the appearance elements used in these two examples in the rest of this section. Here is what the beginning of the voice part looks like for "Après un rêve," up to the end of the first measure:Īnd here is what the beginning of the piano part looks like for "Après un rêve," up to the first chord in the piano part. Now we discuss the elements for musical appearance, which are of great use to music notation applications. We discussed the sound elements in the previous section, and they are of great use to applications dealing with MIDI or other sound files. How is the beaming represented, so that all the eighth notes are beamed together in the piano part, but separated into triplets in the voice part? How are the piano chords split between staves? How are accidentals indicated, including courtesy accidentals like the A-flat in the fourth bar?Ī fundamental part of MusicXML is the distinction between elements that primarily represent the sound of the music versus those that represent its appearance. Where are the tempo and dynamic markings: the Andantino, pp, dolce, crescendo and diminuendo wedges? Where are stem directions stored? The downstem on the initial G in the voice part is not what many programs would default to. Let us look again at the example we used in the previous section - the first four bars of "Après un rêve" by Gabriel Fauré:Ĭlearly our discussion of the MIDI-compatible portion of MusicXML left out many things represented in this music. In this section we describe the main elements used to represent music notation that go far beyond what is represented in MIDI files. ![]() MusicXML represents this information, making it much more useful than MIDI for interchange between notation programs. MIDI represents musical performance information, but leaves out a great deal of information about music notation.
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